Green Chemical and Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications

To generate nanoparticles with particular shapes and dimensions, various techniques including physicochemical and biological routes have been developed. The physical and chemical processes are typically expensive and require hazardous chemicals. In this chapter, we introduce current advancements in the green synthesis of nanoparticles as eco-friendly, cost-effective, and simple approaches. The microbial synthesis of nanoparticles using bacteria, fungi, and viruses; phototrophic eukaryotes including plants, diatoms, and algae; heterotrophic human cell lines and some other biological agents is especially emphasized in this review. It also declares the applications of these nanomaterials in a broad range of potential areas, such as medical biology, labeling, sensors, drug delivery, dentistry, and environmental cleanup.